(39) Lithography or Offset printing:- Lithography was discovered by a German Aloes senefelder in 1798. He found that a greased impression on a well watered block of lime stone could be inked and use for printing on paper. The image could be drown in reverse direct on the stone in greasy ink or applied by means of special transfers. The blank parts of the stone being neutralized by the water (oily and water being incompatible).

Lithography or offset printing has become the leading commercial printing process in the world today; it combines photography with economic plate making and the fast efficient press. It involves the unique third cylinder (offset) which transfers the design image from plate cylinder to paper and it provided an immaculate end product.

The original design is used to make a color transparency, reduction and multiplication of the design to stamp size is done either manually or on the computer. Then the color separation is done and four basic colors cyan, Magenta, yellow and Black are separated by scanners, then printing plates of each color are prepared, each of which is wrapped around a cylinder of printing machine. The impression of the plate cylinder is a positive one which is then offset during the printing process on to a rubber blanket roller and then transferred or printed on to the paper in keeping with the basic oil and water principal the ink is repelled by the wet (blank) parts but adheres to the inked parts and then the impression is converted on paper very neatly and precisely.

Litho printed stamps from modern offset presses can be identified by sharp edges to lettering and solid colors and by honeycomb pattern of screen dots.

(40) Margin:- The selvage surrounding the stamps on a sheet.

(41) Metro Stamp:- Government permits of various face value and printed by machine on a piece of adhesive paper (or on the actual envelope) to indicate postage paid. Invented by the Pitney-Bowes Company in the early 1900s.

(42) Miniature Sheet:- A smaller than normal sheetlet of stamps issued only in that from or in addition to the normal full panes of stamps.

(43) Mint:- A stamp in the same condition as when it was issued and purchased at the post office. Original gum is on the reverse and the stamp has never been hinged into an album.

(44) Mounts:- Vinyl or plastic holders, clear on the front and with gum on the back. Stamps and philatelic items are placed inside the mount and they mounted into an album.

(45) Multicolor:- More than two colors.

(46) Multiple:- An unseparated group of stamps (two or more).

(47) NH:- Never hinged.

(48) Obsolete:- Stamps that have ceased to be available for postal use, though possibly continuing to be valid for postage. Most famous among obsolete stamps are four stamps of King Edward-VIII of Great Britain, of 1936.

(49) Official:- Stamp or stationery used to pay postage by a government agency.

(50) On Paper:- Stamps, usually used, which have been used on mail and still adhere to all or part of that original piece of mail.

(51) Original Gum:- The gummed surface on a stamp is the actual gum that was originally applied to that stamp.

(52) Overprint:- Any printing over the original design of a stamp. For instance, an overprint that upgrades or changes the value of a stamp.

(53) Pair:- Two un-separated stamps.

(54) Pane:- The unit into which a full sheet of stamps is divided before it is sold at a post office. Many U.S. stamps were printed in sheet of 400 and broken down into four paned of 100 stamps each before sale.

(55) Penny Black:- The world’s first postage stamp, the one-penny stamp issued by Great Britain in May 1840.

(56) Perfins:- Stamps punched with “perforated initials” or other designs and used generally by commercial firms in order to deter theft.

(57) Perforation:- The punching out of holes between stamps in order to aid in their separation. There are various kinds and sizes or perforations which are measured by a perforation gauge. Often a particular size of perforation can differ on stamps that look very much alike. Different valuations can be the stamp collecting terms.

(58) Perforation Gauge:- A metal, plastic or cardboard instrument used (easily) to measure the size of perforations (see above).

(59) Philately:- The collection and study of postage and related items.

(60) Photogravure:- Photogravure is a combination of Photography and gravure (recess) printing. In this process the original design is reproduced by photography on to the glass plates, on which it appears as a negative then to another glass plate where it becomes a positive the multiplication of design is done by step and repeat camera. The multi positive is then printed down on a paper coated with gelatin known as “carbon tissue” which is also sensitive to light. The tissue has a screened surface with tiny dots or “cells”. The tissue is then squeegeed on to the curved surface of the copper cylinder by this process the picture is transferred to the cylinder and then the tissue is removed. Then the copper cylinder is developed in the acid bath. Then the actual printing process begins which is very similar to recess printing for multi-color printing separate cylinder will be required for each color. Photogravure printed stamps have an attractive photographic quality. They can be identified by soft gradations of colors and over all patterns of microscopic dots on the printed surface.

(61) Plate Block or Plate number Block:- A block of stamps which includes the corner selvage from the pane and bearing plate numbers from the printing process.

(62) PNC:- Plate number coil.

(63) Postage Dues:- Stamps or markings that indicate an underpayment of postage.

(64) Postal History:- The study of postal markings, routes and rates of mail and anything to do with the history of the mails.

(65) Postmark:- An official postal marking usually giving the date and origin or piece of mail and is often part of the cancellation obliterating a stamp to prevent reuse.

(66) Pre-cancel:- Stamps with a special cancellation or overprint and which was applied before the stamp is used on mail. This by passes normal canceling and saves much time when large numbers of mail are being used.

(67) Proof and Essays:- Proofs are impressions taken from an approved die, plate or stone in which the design and color are the same as the stamp issued to the public. Trial color proofs are impressions taken from approved dies, plates or stones in varying colors. An essay is the impression of a design that differs in some way from the stamp as issued.

(68) Provisional:- Stamps issued on short notice and intended for temporary use pending the arrival of regular issues. They usually are issued to meet such contingencies as changes in government or currency, shortage of necessary postage values, or military occupation.

(69) Recess or Line-Engraving:- This is a process opposite to typography in that the design is engraved in reverse on a small plate of steel. The die is recess also called in French taille deuce and in Italian intaglio. When the master die is completed and the engraver has checked his work with the original by taking a series of progressive inked proofs. It is hardened and its image is transferred under high pressure to the curved surface of the roller, a cylinder of softened steel, which now bears a positive impression of the design. Then it is made ready for use in the manufacture of the printing plate or cylinder. A softened steel plate is placed in the transfer press and under immense pressure the design image is ‘rocked in’ on the plate as many time as required to from a printing plate of 100 or 50 stamps or more as per requirements.  

The basic principal of recess or line engrave printing is that the ink remains in the recesses in the recesses and lines after the surface of the plate has been wiped clean. In close contact with the plate, paper pick up the ink in the recessed areas, resulting in the printed stamps. The stamps design stands out in relief and the raised impression can be felt by finger tips. Throughout the process the greatest accuracy and precision is required as one stamp image may comprise up to 20,000 lines. Occasionally recess printing is combined with another process such as Typography, Lithography. 1989, 1994 and recent definitive stamps issues of Pakistan with the portrait of Quid-e-Azam are perfect example of combination of Lithography and Recess printing.

(70) Reprint:- A stamp printed from its original plate after that stamp has ceased to be sold and postally used.  

(71) Re-drawn:- A new printing of stamps whose designs differ in some details from the original while retaining the basic design and features.

(72) Re-Engraving:- The strengthening of worn out plates by hand; a term also used when an original die is deepened, before preparing a new printing plate.  

(73) Revenues Stamps:- Stamps used for the prepayment of payment of various kind of taxes

(74) Rouletting:- The piercing of paper between stamps (as opposed to perforations which are holds) that creates slits that aid in separating the stamps.

(75) Selvage:- The unprinted marginal area around the other edges on a sheet or pane of stamps.

(76) Se-Tenant:- Se-tenant in French it means ‘Joined together’; a term used to describe adjoining stamps which differ from each other in design, value, color or format. Some time a complete sheet of stamps had all the stamps different from each other.

(77) Tete Beche:- A pair of stamps in which one is upside down in relation to the other. Some of these are the result of intentional sheet arrangements, i.e. others occurred when one or more electrotypes accidentally were placed upside down on the plate. Separation of the stamps, of course, destroys the tete beche variety.

(78) Tied:- A stamp adhered to the original envelops, post card or wrapper by the postmark which extends, beyond the confines of the stamps on to the postal matter, confirming the genuine used of the original item.

(79) Typography or Letter press:- ypography in its simplest form is the setting of loose type within a locked chase, from or frame and then printing form it. The primitive form of this process was printing form wood blocks. It is also known as surface printing. Now in modern age the design is cut by an engraver in steel plaque, is cut in relief (and reverse) and the made. The die is then multiplied by stereotyping or electrotyping and plates of copper or alloy are made of 50 similar stamps which are then printed on a flat press. The copper plates have surfaces with a layer of harder metal, such as steel, nickel or chromium to give long wear in the printing press. It is found in the numerous overprints and surcharges which appear on stamps. It is used for change of country names, original face value of stamps and need for provisional usually arise in an emergency. As done by Govt. of Pakistan on several occasion like 1961 decimal surcharging done when the currency is changed from old Anna system to new decimal system also “Service” overprinting on earlier issues for official use is done by the same process.

(80) Specimens:- One of the regulations of the Universal Postal Union requires member nations to send samples of all stamps they put into service to the international Bureau in Switzerland. Member nations of the UPU receive these specimens as samples of what stamps are valid for postage. Many are overprinted, hand-stamped or intial-perforated “Specimen.” “Canceled” or “Muestra.” Some are marked with bars across the denominations (China-Taiwan), punched holes (Czechoslovakia) or back inscriptions (Mongolia).

Stamps distributed to government officials or for publicity purposes, and stamps submitted by private security printers for official approval, also may receive such defacements.

These markings prevent postal use, and all such items generally are known as “Specimens.”

(81) Tagging:- The impregnation of phosphorescent dies into the paper used to print a stamp. When “read” by special Ultra Violet machines during mail processing, the phosphors determine the face value of the stamps being used to pay postage.

(82) Topical or Thematic:- A stamp or piece of stationery showing a particular subject, i.e., horses, birds, pandas, automobiles, athletic events, etc.

(83) Unused:- An uncancealed stamp (as opposed to a mint stamp, see above), but one that has been hinged for mounting into an album. Such stamps can be either gummed or ungummed (the gum having been washed off).

(84) Used:- A stamp or stationery item that has been used for the purpose for which it was intended; usage on the mail. Such an item usually bears all or part of a cancel or obliteration device.

(85) Variety:- A variation from the standard from of a stamp. Varieties can include watermarks, different kinds of perforations, wrong colors or printing and production mistakes (over-inking, missing colors, etc.)

(86) Un-issued stamps:- Stamps which have been officially prepared but not issued for postal used for some reasons design error or other mistakes. Such items released inadvertently by the post office have tremendous Philatelic interest. e.g. the stamps of Pakistan depicting King Faisal Mosque, Islamabad, were not released on October 11, 1976. But a few copies were perhaps used in some areas of the country.

(87) Used fiscally:- Stamps prepared for both postage and revenue purpose, and are recognized by the style, color or wordings, ink or seals. They are however, not of much Philatelic value

(88) Vale Surcharge:- Nicaragua, in 1911, surcharged the railway fiscal stamps for use as postage. These stamps overprinted on the back because the stamps were already on the front to make it ‘fiscal’.

(89) War Tax Stamps:- Countries like Canada, Ceylon, Malta, Mozambique, Spain, North Borneo and Iraq issued stamps for raising funds in war times, usually above the cost of the postage.

(90) Watermark Positions:- A distinguishing mark in paper, generally visible by transmitted light. Thinning the paper during manufacture at the wet pulp stage forms watermark. Watermark may be read from the face of the stamp.